$$ \lim_{N\to\infin} \left [ 1+\frac{x}{N} \right ]^N=e^x $$

Unitary

We want an operator that preserve the overlap (scalar product) between any two wavefunctions

💼 Case: lets consider such an operator $\hat U$

<aside> 🌱

Unitary operator: an operator that satisfied $\hat U^\dag \hat U =\hat U \hat U^\dag =\hat I$

</aside>

Unitarity of transformation operators

We require out symmetry transformation operators derived in the previous lecture to be unitary, as under rotation and translation, length remains invariant

Unitary representations of symmetry transformations

💼 Case: lets now apply these properties

Finite translations in space

🧠 Remember: the generator is $\hat p =-i\hbar \vec \nabla$

💼 Case: consider a finite translation in which $\psi(\vec r)\to\psi(\vec r-\vec a)$ where we don't assume $\vec a \ll 1$

💎 Conclusion: the finite translation $\psi(\vec r - \vec a)=\hat U_a \psi(\vec r)$ is given by