• for photons
• Fraction of light that gets refracted
• Brewster angle
• Intensity reflection coefficients for different polarizations
• Jones’ if $\theta_i$ is initial angle, $\theta_p$ is polariser angle and the angle is defined from the $x$-axis
• Stokes parameters
• Interferometer
• Population density relation and Einstein A and B coefficients
• Conditions for optical gain
• Small signal gain
• Separation between adjacent modes in a laser cavity, cavity $Q$ and passive cavity line width
• threshold gain
• Cavity stability where $d$ is distance between mirrors and $R_1 , R_2$ are the radii of curvature
• Shot noise on the dark current, equation for photocurrent, $\rm NEP^$ and specirfic detectivity $\rm D^$
• Light exiting a fibre optic where $n_1$ and $n_2$ are core and cladding
• Full angle divergence $\Phi$ from a circular aperture of diameter $a$
• Spread in time per length in a multimode fibre and single mode operation
• Material dispersion and maximum length of fibre
• f
• maximum length for attenuation